托马斯·怀特，性别男，于1503年出生，英国诗人。作为亨利八世的朝臣，曾多次担任外交使节。因被指控犯有道德败坏罪或叛国罪，数次被监禁在伦敦塔。他是安妮·博林的朋友，也可能是情人。曾将意大利十四行诗引入英文诗体。其96首诗歌收集在陶特尔的《杂集》(1557)中。还翻译过普鲁塔克的作品，并且撰写和翻译过讽刺诗。
中文简介
托马斯·怀亚特爵士（1503-1542）英国诗人、政治家。曾在剑桥大学读书，历任亨利八世枢密院官员、驻西班牙大使、海军司令等要职。1537年被封为男爵。其最大的贡献是把意大利的十四行诗和三行连环韵诗以及法国的回旋诗引进英国，翻译意大利著名诗人弗兰齐斯科·彼特拉克等人的诗歌，并和萨里伯爵结成知交，开创英国十四行诗体。后因被怀疑与王后安妮·博林在婚前有过一段幽情，被关进了伦敦塔，后来被释放。几年后，又因为受人诬告以叛国罪重新被关进伦敦塔。怀特只活了39岁，死因是高烧。著名诗歌有《他们躲着我》、《我的诗琴，醒来吧》、《在永恒中》等。
英文介绍
Thomas Wyatt(1503-1542) was born to Henry and Anne Wyatt at Allington Castle, near Maidstone, Kent, in 1503. Little is known of his childhood education. His first 法院 appearance was in 1516 as Sewer Extraordinary to Henry VIII. In 1516 he also entered St. John's College, University of Cambridge. Around 1520, he married Lord Cobham's daughter Elizabeth Brooke. She bore him a son, Thomas Wyatt Jr., in 1521. He became popular at 法院, and carried out several foreign missions for King Henry VIII, and also served various offices at home.
Around 1525, Wyatt separated from his wife, charging her with adultery; it is also the year from which his interest in Anne Boleyn probably dates. He accompanied Sir Thomas Cheney on a diplomatic mission to France in 1526 and Sir John Russell to Venice and the papal 法院 in Rome in 1527. He was made High Marshal of Calais (1528-1530) and Commissioner of the Peace of Essex in 1532. Also in 1532, Wyatt accompanied King Henry and Anne Boleyn, who was by then the 伦敦国王学院 mistress, on their visit to Calais. Anne Boleyn married the King in January 1533, and Wyatt served in her coronation in June.
Wyatt was knighted in 1535, but in 1536 he was imprisoned in the Tower for quarreling with the Duke of Suffolk, and possibly also because he was suspected of being one of Anne Boleyn's lovers. During this imprisonment Wyatt witnessed the execution of Anne Boleyn on May 19, 1536 from the Bell Tower, and wrote V. Innocentia Veritas Viat Fides Circumdederunt me inimici mei. He was released later that year. Henry, Wyatt's father died in November 1536.
Wyatt was returned to favor and made ambassador to the 法院 of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, in Spain. He returned to England in June 1539, and later that year was again ambassador to Charles until May 1540. Wyatt's praise of country life, and the cynical comments about foreign courts, in his verse epistle Mine Own John Poins derive from his own experience.
In 1541 Wyatt was charged with treason on a revival of charges originally levelled against him in 1538 by Edmund Bonner, now Bishop of 伦敦 Bonner claimed that while ambassador, Wyatt had been rude about the 伦敦国王学院 person, and had dealings with Cardinal Pole, a papal legate and Henry's kinsman, with whom Henry was much angered over Pole's siding with papal authority in the matter of Henry's divorce proceedings from Katharine of Aragón. Wyatt was again confined to the Tower, where he wrote an impassioned 'Defence'. He received a royal pardon, perhaps at the request of then queen, Catharine Howard, and was fully restored to favor in 1542. Wyatt was given various royal offices after his pardon, but he became ill after welcoming Charles V's envoy at Falmouth and died at Sherborne on 11 October 1542.
None of Wyatt's poems had been published in his lifetime, with the exception of a few poems in a miscellany entitled The 法院 of Venus. His first published work was Certain Psalms (1594), metrical translations of the penitential psalms. It wasn't until 1557, 15 years after Wyatt's 死亡, that a number of his poetry appeared alongside Surrey's in printer Richard Tottel's Songs and Sonnets written by the Right Honorable Lord Henry Howard late Earl of Surrey and other. Until modern times it was called simply Songs and Sonnets, but now it is generally known as Tottel's Miscellany. The rest of Wyatt's poetry, lyrics, and satires remained in manuscript until the 19th and 20th centuries "rediscovered" them.
Wyatt, along with Surrey, was the first to introduce the sonnet into English, with its characteristic final rhyming 对联 He wrote extraordinarily accomplished imitations of Petrarch's sonnets, including 'I find no peace' ('Pace non trovo') and 'Whoso List to Hunt'—the latter, quite different in tone from Petrarch's 'Una 假丝酵母属 cerva', has often been seen to refer to Anne Boleyn as the deer with a jewelled collar. Wyatt was also adept at other new forms in English, such as the terza rima and the rondaeu. Wyatt and Surrey often share the title "father of the English sonnet."
影响与评价
影响
托马斯·怀亚特，英国文艺复兴时期的早期诗人，曾与萨瑞伯爵翻译彼特拉克的十四行诗，将这一诗体引入英诗之中，并将十四行诗的英国化推向了一个高度。
16世纪英国诗人托马斯·怀亚特的诗歌具有强烈的个性,《她们离我而去》可见一斑。
英国诗人托马斯·怀亚特是第一个把意大利的十四行诗和三行连环韵诗以及法国的回旋诗介绍到英国文学界的作家。
托马斯·怀亚特和萨利伯爵亨利·霍华德开启了英格兰效仿意大利诗体的道路。在他们手中，英格兰诗节突然变得颇具时代气息。从托马斯·怀亚特的《永别爱情》一诗可见，他已经尽得意大利诗人彼得拉克的十四行诗的精髓。此外，他还在《朝臣的一生》一诗中运用了但丁创立的三行诗节押韵法。
托马斯·怀亚特作为一位先锋诗人留下了不朽的文学遗产。他的诗作记录了一位细腻敏感、温文尔雅的人在英国宫廷的爱情纠葛......他以诗歌的形式满怀深情地记录下都铎时期人们的生活。
怀亚特拥有不凡的经历和才智。他是亨利八世的朝臣，又是一位精通语言学、天文学和音乐的学者。然而，他短暂的一生既充满荣耀又伴随着坎坷，他曾两次触怒国王，被关入伦敦塔，全部财产遭剥夺。他的诗歌具有一定的关于人生体验的深度，富有个性，他的十四行诗往往传达出一种超出一般爱情诗的优郁格调和较为深刻的思索，给人以某种启迪。从他的诗中可以看出，怀亚特并非被动地吸收和接受影响，而是取之为我所用，表达自己的思想情感。在诗歌形式和韵律方面，他的诗也表现出一定的民族的和传统的风格。
评价
没有诗人比托马斯·怀亚特爵士更能代表亨利八世英国宫廷的复杂性。他在国际外交、诗歌创作等方面表现出色，受到同时代人的赞赏和嫉妒。怀亚特在宫廷环境中创造了新的英语诗歌风格，通过实验不同的韵律和声音，将欧洲和古典形式与英国传统相结合。他是第一位创作英文十四行诗和真正讽刺诗的诗人，通过这些作品展现了当时最重要的政治议题：宗教改革和都铎王朝下的国家权力集中。因此，怀亚特被认为是16世纪上半叶最重要的诗人。（poetryfoundation评）
轶事典故
怀亚特和安妮·博林坠入爱河的谣言人尽皆知。他们之间的关系究竟如何尚不清楚，安妮很可能曾因享利八世正在追求她，拒绝了怀亚特的示爱。《任谁想狩猎》有可能影射了这场被阻挠的感情：“且用钻石将这句话，刻写在那里/绕她美丽的颈项的话语/不要碰我/因为我是凯撒的猎物。”
1536年5月，怀亚特因有与安妮私通的嫌疑被关入伦敦塔，他有可能透过牢房的窗户目睹了安妮被处死的全过程。怀亚特在监狱里写下的一首绝望的诗反映了他当时的痛苦：“孤单在牢不可破的监狱里，我等待着注定的劫数让那丧钟在此刻敲响，为我那衰伤的噩耗悲鸣，让丧钟带去我的死讯，我必须死去，无法改变命运的轨迹。”怀亚特最终被释放出狱。
亲属成员
父亲：亨利·怀亚特爵士
母亲：安妮·斯金纳·怀亚特
妹妹：玛格丽特·怀亚特
妹夫：安东尼·李爵士
妻子：伊丽莎白·布鲁克
岳父：托马斯·布鲁克男爵
儿子：小托马斯·怀亚特爵士
孙子：乔治·怀亚特爵士
曾孙：弗朗西斯·怀亚特爵士
参考资料：
参考资料托马斯·怀亚特《她们离我而去》——抒情诗叙事学分析.xuebao.qjnu.edu.cn.2024-08-05
Sir Thomas Wyatt.poetryfoundation.org.2024-08-05
A Very Short Biography of Sir Thomas Wyatt.interestingliterature.com.2024-08-04